Corresponding author: Daniel Burckhardt (
Academic editor: Roland Mühlethaler
Four new
Psyllids or jumping plant lice are plant sap sucking insects, which are generally highly host specific, i.e. they complete their development on only one plant species or a few species of the same plant genus. In addition, related psyllid species tend to develop on related plant species, making them an interesting group for evolutionary studies (
Mistletoes are members of the order
Psylloid associations with plants of the order
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Host plants | Distribution | Reference |
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USA (California, Colorado) |
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Brazil (Paraná) | present paper | |
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India |
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India |
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South Africa |
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India |
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India |
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Chile | present paper | |
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Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia) |
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Australia (New South Wales, Queensland) |
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* mistletoe | Australia (South Australia) |
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Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria) |
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mistletoe | Australia (Western Australia) |
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Australia (New South Wales, South Australia) |
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Australia (New South Wales, Western Australia) |
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unknown | Papua New Guinea |
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Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales) |
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Australia (Western Australia) |
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Australia (New South Wales, Western Australia) |
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Australia (South Australia) |
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USA (Arizona, California) |
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Argentina, Chile | present paper | |
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Chile |
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Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Moldova, Morocco, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine | ||
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South Africa |
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India |
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Cameroon |
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USA (California) |
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unknown | Mexico |
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USA (Colorado) |
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Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina) | present paper | |
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Brazil (Santa Catarina) | present paper | |
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Chile | present paper | |
unknown; adults collected on |
Brazil (Paraná) | present paper |
Psyllids associated with mistletoes have been known from all biogeographical regions (except for Antarctica): Australian (12 species), Nearctic (6 species), Oriental (4 species), Afrotropical (3 species), Neotropical (1 species) and Palaearctic (1 species) realms (Table
Material was examined or is cited from following institutions:
The morphological terminology is mostly that of
The plant nomenclature accords with The Plant List (2013).
Adult. Body size small, 2.3–3.2 mm long. Genal processes developed, slender, 0.7–1.0 times as long as vertex along midline. Antenna ten-segmented, 1.3‒2.0 times as long as head width; with a single subapical rhinarium on each of segments 4, 6, 8 and 9. Forewing narrow, lanceolate, 2.5–3.0 times as long as wide; angular apically, with weakly curved vein Rs and small cu1 cell. Metatibia with genual spine and 1+3 apical spurs. Paramere incised apically. Female terminalia subglobular, proctiger with styliform process apically. Valvulae of ovipositor highly modified: dorsal valvula stylet-shaped; ventral valvula very broad, ribbon-shaped, obliquely truncate apically; lateral valvula ribbon-shaped, with two strongly sclerotised, teeth apically. – Fifth instar immature 1.5–1.7 mm long, 1.4–1.6 times longer than wide. Antennal flagellum 1-segmented. Forewing pad with humeral lobe extending forward almost to the middle of eye. Tarsi with triangular arolium, bearing short petiole and distinct unguitractor, claws fully developed and of similar size, small, shorter than arolium. Anus ventral; outer circumanal ring transversely reniform, consisting of a single row of pores. Marginal sectasetae truncate, densely spaced; postocular seta present; sectasetae absent from dorsum. – Host plants.
Adult (Figs
Fifth instar immature (Figs
Seven species are included: the North American
1 | Body dark brown or almost black (Fig. |
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– | Body yellow, orange or light brown (Figs |
2 |
2 | Forewing shorter than 2.4 times as long as wide. North America | 3 |
– | Forewing longer than 2.4 times as long as wide. South America | 5 |
3 | Genal processes as long as vertex along mid-line. USA |
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– | Genal processes shorter than 0.8 times vertex length along mid-line | 4 |
4 | Body orange red, 2.8 mm long. Paramere, in profile, straight. Dorsal outline of female proctiger between apex of circumanal ring and base of apical process, in profile, undulate. Mexico |
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– | Body yellow, 2.5 mm long. Paramere, in profile, weakly curved. Dorsal outline of female proctiger between apex of circumanal ring and base of apical process, in profile, weakly convex. USA. On |
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5 | Genal processes conspicuously dark, tubular, obtuse apically (Fig. |
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– | Genal processes light, of same colour as vertex, conical, subacute apically (Figs |
6 |
6 | Genal processes 0.8 times as long as vertex along mid-line. Forewing wider, 2.7 times as long as wide. Paramere, in profile, lamellar, weakly curved (Fig. |
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– | Genal processes 0.9 times as long as long as vertex along mid-line. Forewing narrower, 2.8–2.9 times as long as wide. Paramere, in profile, digitiform, straight (Fig. |
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Brazil: holotype ♀, Brazil: Paraná, Curitiba, Parque Tanguá,
Paratypes: Brazil: 1 ♀,
Member of the
Adult (Fig.
Structure. Body length ♂ 2.3–2.9 mm (2.60±0.17 mm), ♀ 2.7–3.1 mm (2.85±0.11 mm) (10 ♂, 10 ♀). Genal processes 0.8 times as long as vertex along mid-line, irregularly tapering to subacute apex (Fig.
Measurements in mm of adult
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Number of measured specimens | 3 ♂, 4 ♀ | 1 ♂, 1 ♀ | 1 ♂, 1 ♀ | 1 ♂, 1 ♀ |
Head width | 0.48–0.53 | 0.45–0.48 | 0.53–0.55 | 0.48–0.50 |
Antennal length | 0.70–0.80 | 0.68–0.70 | 0.80–0.83 | 0.70–0.73 |
Forewing length | 1.98–2.45 | 1.95–2.28 | 2.35–2.55 | 2.55–2.43 |
Male proctiger length | 0.13–0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.23 |
Paramere length | 0.13–0.15 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
Length of distal segment of aedeagus | 0.18–0.20 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.28 |
Female proctiger length | 0.38–0.43 | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.45 |
Fifth instar immature (Fig.
Structure. Outer circumanal ring (Fig.
The species is named after its host plant genus
Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina).
Brazil: holotype ♀, Santa Catarina, Urubici, Estrada Morro da Igreja,
Paratypes: Brazil: 1 ♀,
Member of the
Adult (Fig.
Structure. Body length ♂ 2.5–2.6 mm (2.55±0.07 mm), ♀ 2.7–2.8 mm (2.78±0.05 mm) (2 ♂, 4 ♀). Genal processes 0.7 times as long as vertex along mid-line, strongly tapering near base, then tubular with blunt apex (Fig.
Fifth instar immature (Fig.
Structure. Outer circumanal ring (Fig.
The species is named after its host plant genus
Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina).
Chile: holotype ♀, V Region, Province Los Andes, Aconcagua Valley, 25 km W Portillo, route 60, Valle Aconcagua,
Paratypes: Chile: 10 ♂, 10 ♀,
Member of the
Adult (Fig.
Structure. Body length ♂ 2.7–2.9 mm (2.76±0.07 mm), ♀ 2.6–3.2 mm (2.97±0.18 mm) (8 ♂, 10 ♀). Genal processes 0.8 times as long as vertex along mid-line, relatively evenly tapering to subacute apex (Fig.
Fifth instar immature. Colouration. Head, thorax and abdomen orange or light brown, wing pads slightly lighter. Eyes reddish-grey. Antennae reddish in basal half, dark brown apically. Tips of tarsi brown.
Structure. Only one damaged specimen available. Distal portion of sectasetae on forewing bud 2.6 times as wide (Fig.
The species is named after its host plant genus
Chile (Regions V and Metropolitana).
Adult
Brazil: holotype ♀, Paraná, Paranaguá, Ilha do Mel,
Paratypes: Brazil: 4 ♂, 2 ♀, Paraná, same data as holotype but (
Member of the
Adult (Fig.
Structure. Body length ♂ 2.6–2.7 mm (2.65±0.06 mm), ♀ 2.8–3.1 mm (2.97±0.15 mm) (4 ♂, 3 ♀). Genal processes 0.9 times as long as vertex along mid-line, irregularly tapering to subacute apex (Fig.
Fifth instar immature unknown.
From Latin vagare = to wander, to roam, for its discovery away from its supposed host, a mistletoe;
Brazil (Paraná).
Adults have been collected on
Another incorrectly formed name is
For the following three species new host records are provided here.
Brazil: 1 ♂, 3 ♀, 1 skin,
Brazil (Paraná).
Chile: 1 immatures,
Chile (Regions IX and XII).
Chile: 1 ♂, 4 ♀, 1 immature, 1 skin,
Argentina, Chile (Regions IX–XII).
Psyllids are generally highly host specific, i.e. they can complete their development only on a single (monophagous) or on several plant species of the same genus (narrowly oligophagous), family or order (widely oligophagous). Polyphagy is very rare among psyllids. Host data in the literature are, unfortunately, blurred by reports of plants on which adult psyllids have been observed or collected but on which they would be unable to complete their development (
Psyllids associated with
Five genera with 28 species of
The present study documents that the psyllid fauna associated with mistletoes from the New World is much richer than previously estimated. On the other hand, a critical review of published data shows that the host records from the Oriental region are unlikely or, at least, questionable.
More targeted field work is necessary to confirm the host patterns described here and to examine the doubtful host records. More phylogenetic data is required to reconstruct ancestral host plants from which the psyllids colonised the mistletoes.
We thank Alberto L. Marsaro Jr. (Paso Fundo, RS, Brazil) for specimens, David Ouvrard (